Criminal Procedure – Committal Proceedings – Question of non-compliance with Section 193 of CrPC where a Special Judge directly took cognizance without committal – Earlier decisions (Gangula Ashok, Moly, Vidyadharan) held such trials invalid without committal – Conflict with Bhooraji’s decision which upheld trial’s validity despite procedural lapses if no failure of justice occurred – Supreme Court upheld Bhooraji, emphasizing substance over form in criminal justice [Paras 1-53].

Jurisdiction of Special Court – Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes Act – Special Court under the Act is essentially a Court of Session – It can take cognizance only when the case is committed by a Magistrate – Direct cognizance by Special Court without committal is a procedural lapse, not affecting competence to try unless prejudice or failure of justice is shown [Paras 5-9, 29-52].

Failure of Justice – Evaluation – Error in committal procedure does not per se vitiate trial – Accused must show specific prejudice or failure of justice – Court to consider facts, procedural safeguards, and fairness of trial – Mere procedural irregularity without resulting prejudice does not warrant retrial or setting aside conviction [Paras 30-37, 41-52].

Decision: Bhooraji’s principle affirmed – Moly and Vidyadharan overruled to the extent they mandated retrial or quashing of convictions solely based on non-committal – Appeals to be decided on merits without remanding for retrial [Paras 52-53].

Income Tax – Bad Debts – Deductions – Banks are entitled to claim deductions for bad debts written off under Section 36(1)(vii) independently of the provisions for bad and doubtful debts under Section 36(1)(viia) – Full Bench of Kerala High Court’s contrary view overruled – Supreme Court held that the two provisions are distinct and independent – The proviso to Section 36(1)(vii) limits the deduction for bad debts only to the extent of the amount exceeding the provision made under Section 36(1)(viia) [Paras 1-42].

Interpretation of Fiscal Statutes – Strict Construction – Provisions of Section 36(1)(vii) and Section 36(1)(viia) should be construed strictly – These sections operate in different fields and should not be intermingled – Legislative intent is clear in providing separate deductions for actual write-offs and provisions for bad and doubtful debts [Paras 14-25].

Effect of Circulars – Binding Nature – Circulars issued by the Central Board of Direct Taxes (CBDT) are binding on the Income Tax authorities – Circulars clarifying the deductions under Section 36(1)(vii) and Section 36(1)(viia) support the interpretation that these provisions are distinct – CBDT Circular No. 258 and Circular No. 464 emphasize the separate nature of these deductions and prevent double benefits [Paras 18-23].

Judicial Precedents – Special Bench of ITAT and High Court Decisions – Special Bench of ITAT and earlier Division Bench of Kerala High Court correctly interpreted the provisions, holding that banks are entitled to both deductions without restrictions imposed by the proviso to Section 36(1)(vii) – Supreme Court upheld these interpretations, emphasizing the need to follow legislative intent and established accounting standards [Paras 26-37].

Decision: Appeals allowed – High Court judgment reversed – Cases remanded to the assessing officer for recomputation of deductions in accordance with this judgment – No costs awarded [Paras 42-45].

Election Law – Nomination Paper – Validity – Respondent’s nomination paper was rejected by the Returning Officer due to the deletion of the name of one proposer from the electoral roll – Respondent challenged the election of the Appellant on the ground of improper rejection of his nomination – Appellant filed applications for dismissal of the Election Petition on grounds of non-compliance with Section 81(1) of the Representation of the People Act, 1951 and non-disclosure of cause of action under Order 7 Rule 11 of the CPC – Applications dismissed by the Election Tribunal [Paras 1-12].

Jurisdiction of Election Tribunal – Scope – Election Tribunal’s jurisdiction is not confined to the grounds on which the Returning Officer rejected the nomination paper – Tribunal can consider any other relevant ground or fresh material – Supreme Court upheld Tribunal’s decision to hear the Election Petition on merits, emphasizing the need for a thorough examination of the allegations through evidence [Paras 13-16].

Rejection of Applications – Consideration of Evidence – Key question is whether the proposer was eligible to subscribe to the nomination paper – This issue to be determined based on evidence – Supreme Court found no error in the Tribunal’s decision to dismiss the Appellant’s applications, stating that the Election Petition must be decided on merits [Paras 17-19].

Decision: Appeal dismissed – Election Petition to be decided on merits by the Election Tribunal – No costs awarded [Paras 18-19].

Court Martial – Period of Limitation – Appellant faced trial for financial irregularities committed during 2005-2007 – General Court Martial initially convened in August 2010 – Appellant argued trial was barred by the three-year limitation period under Section 122 of the Army Act – Supreme Court held the trial was indeed barred by limitation as the competent authority had knowledge of the offence and the identity of the offender by May 7, 2007, but the General Court Martial was not convened until August 23/26, 2010 [Paras 1-26].

Competent Authority – Knowledge of Offence – Court emphasized that the limitation period begins when the competent authority is aware of both the commission of the offence and the offender’s identity – GOC-in-C Central Command knew about the offence and the appellant's involvement by May 7, 2007, establishing this date as the start of the limitation period [Paras 13-23].

Application of Limitation – Despite serious charges, legal mandates require adherence to statutory limitation periods – Supreme Court highlighted the necessity of complying with procedural timelines to ensure justice and proper administration of military law [Para 24].

Decision: Appeal allowed – Tribunal’s judgment set aside – Direction for reassembly of the General Court Martial quashed – No costs awarded [Paras 26-27].

Disciplinary Proceedings – Unauthorized Absence – Willfulness – Appellant, a Security Assistant, faced departmental proceedings for unauthorized absence from duty between October 1995 and August 1996 – Inquiry Officer found him guilty of violating Rule 3(1)(ii) and Rule 3(1)(iii) of the Central Civil Services (Conduct) Rules, 1964 – Appellant contended he was prevented from attending duty by his superior – Supreme Court held that unauthorized absence does not necessarily constitute willful absence – Absence due to compelling circumstances does not amount to misconduct [Paras 1-22].

Judicial Review – Departmental Inquiry – Evidence – Inquiry Officer failed to establish willfulness of absence – Evidence provided by appellant regarding his inability to sign the attendance register due to the superior’s interference was not properly considered – Disciplinary authority and appellate authority's findings were based on irrelevant facts and surmises – Supreme Court emphasized need for evidence of willful absence to prove misconduct [Paras 10-23].

Reinstatement and Back Wages – Given the long duration of proceedings and the hardship suffered by the appellant, Supreme Court directed reinstatement with 50% back wages – Recognized that appellant had not worked for an extended period due to the wrongful dismissal [Paras 24-25].

Decision: Appeal allowed – Orders of dismissal passed by the disciplinary authority and affirmed by the appellate authority, Central Administrative Tribunal, and High Court set aside – Appellant reinstated with 50% back wages – No costs awarded [Paras 25].

Excise Duty – Assessable Value – Principal-Agent Relationship – Tribunal quashed the demand of additional excise duty and penalties imposed on the respondent by the Adjudicating Authority – Supreme Court held that the Tribunal must examine the relationship between the parties to determine if they are related persons – If the processor and the principal are related, the valuation must be as per Section 4(1)(b) of the Central Excise Act, 1944, read with the valuation rules [Paras 12-13].

Judicial Precedents – Application – Supreme Court referenced its decisions in Ujagar Prints II and III, Empire Industries, and Pawan Biscuits to emphasize the principles of valuation and the significance of the relationship between the manufacturer and the job worker – The case was remanded to the Tribunal for a detailed examination of the relationship between the respondent and Heinz [Paras 7-11].

Decision: Appeals allowed – Matter remanded to the Tribunal for determining the nature of relationship between the respondent and Heinz – Tribunal to remit the case to the Adjudicating Authority for fresh determination if parties are found to be related – No costs awarded [Paras 12-13].

Wildlife Conservation – Protection of Endangered Species – Amicus Curiae sought directions for the Union of India and State of Chhattisgarh to prepare a rescue plan for the Asiatic Wild Buffalo, an endangered species, including measures to prevent interbreeding with domestic buffalo, ensure genetic purity, and relocate villagers from Udanti Sanctuary – State of Chhattisgarh reported insufficient funds for effective conservation – Supreme Court emphasized the need for immediate and concerted efforts to protect the species [Paras 1-3, 6-7, 11-12].

Centrally Sponsored Scheme – Integrated Development of Wildlife Habitats – Central Government introduced a scheme during the Eleventh Five Year Plan to provide 100% assistance for non-recurring expenses and 50% for recurring expenses for wildlife sanctuaries, including measures for habitat restoration and community involvement – State of Chhattisgarh directed to fully implement this scheme to conserve the wild buffalo [Paras 4-5, 14-15, 18-19].

Ecocentric Approach – Environmental Justice – Court emphasized the shift from anthropocentric to ecocentric principles, recognizing the intrinsic value of all life forms and the duty of humans to protect wildlife – Highlighted the National Wildlife Action Plan and the necessity of balancing human activities with wildlife conservation [Paras 14, 22].

Decision: Application allowed – State of Chhattisgarh directed to implement the Centrally Sponsored Scheme "Integrated Development of Wildlife Habitats" – Immediate steps to prevent interbreeding and ensure genetic purity of wild buffalo, research and monitoring, wildlife training programs, and submission of an Annual Plan of Operations to the Central Government within three months – No costs awarded [Paras 23-24].

Representing Advocates:

For Appellant: P.S. Narasimha, Gaurav Agarwal, K. Parmeswar, Haris Beeran, P.K. Manohar, D.K. Sinha, Rajesh Srivastava, Atul Jha, Sandeep Jha, Dharmendra Kumar Sinha, C.D. Singh, Tarjit Singh, Manjit Singh, Kamal Mohan Gupta, A. Subhashini, Bina Madhavan

Environmental Law – Protection of Endangered Species – Sandalwood – Court examined the need to declare sandalwood (Santalum album Linn) as a "specified plant" under Section 2(27) of the Wild Life (Protection) Act, 1972, and include it in Schedule VI – State of Andhra Pradesh requested the inclusion of Red Sanders (Pterocarpus santalinus) in Schedule VI due to its endangered status and high demand leading to smuggling – Supreme Court directed the Central Government to consider the inclusion of Red Sanders in Schedule VI within six months [Paras 1-3, 5-6, 26].

Unlicensed Sandalwood Oil Industries – Closure – Central Empowered Committee (CEC) recommended the closure of unlicensed sandalwood oil industries, which was endorsed by the Supreme Court – 24 unlicensed sandalwood oil factories in Kerala were closed – Court directed states to close all unlicensed sandalwood oil factories and regulate existing licensed ones [Paras 2-3, 28].

International Conventions and National Legislation – Court referenced various international conventions and national legislative measures for the protection of endangered species – Emphasized the need for uniform legislation across states and recommended the Central Government to examine the inclusion of sandalwood in Schedule VI in consultation with the National Board for Wildlife (NBWL) [Paras 17-23, 27-28].

Ecocentric Approach – Court highlighted the shift from anthropocentric to ecocentric principles, recognizing the intrinsic value of all life forms and the duty of humans to protect wildlife – Directed the Central Government to formulate policies and regulations for the conservation and sustainable use of sandalwood [Paras 14, 19-21, 28-29].

Decision: Applications disposed of – Central Government directed to consider the inclusion of Red Sanders in Schedule VI within six months – Central Government to consult with NBWL regarding the inclusion of sandalwood in Schedule VI and formulate conservation policies – States to close unlicensed sandalwood oil factories and regulate licensed ones – No costs awarded [Paras 26-29].

Murder – Common Intention – Section 302 read with Section 34 IPC – Appellant convicted and sentenced to life imprisonment for the murder of Dharamaraj – Prosecution established the appellant's involvement through reliable ocular and medical evidence – Court dismissed relevance of motive given solid evidence – Ocular evidence corroborated by medical evidence – Common intention formed during occurrence, appellant's first blow on the deceased's head was fatal – Appeal dismissed [Paras 1-16].

Legal Precedents – Application of Section 34 IPC – Appellant argued absence of common intention citing various cases – Court distinguished facts from cited cases, emphasizing appellant's active role in the assault – Appellant’s action met criteria for common intention under Section 34 IPC [Paras 7-15].

Decision: Appeal dismissed – Conviction and sentence upheld – Appellant's bail canceled, ordered to be taken into custody to serve remaining sentence – No costs awarded [Paras 16-17].