Contract Law – Recovery of Debt – Hypothecation Agreement – Appellant challenged the trial court’s decree for recovery of Rs. 2,88,667.50 with interest at 15.5% p.a. The High Court upheld the decree with modifications to the interest rate. It ruled that while the plaintiff bank (SBI) is entitled to recover the principal amount and simple interest, the contractual rate of interest is not applicable post-decree. Instead, the court awarded simple interest at 12% p.a. from the date of the suit until redemption and 6% p.a. thereafter until realization [Paras 20-21].

Interest Rate – Judicial Discretion – The High Court exercised its discretion to modify the interest rate from the contractual 15.5% p.a. to 12% p.a., citing precedents on excessive interest rates and the special circumstances of the case, including the appellant’s financial condition and adherence to Reserve Bank guidelines [Paras 18-20].

Decision – Partial Allowance of Appeal – Held – The appeal was allowed in part by modifying the rate of interest from 15.5% p.a. to 12% p.a. from the date of suit till redemption and 6% p.a. thereafter till realization – The judgment of the Trial Court was otherwise affirmed, and each party was directed to bear their own costs – Miscellaneous petitions related to the appeal were dismissed [Paras 20-21].

Criminal Law – Murder – Acquittal Challenged – Appeal by State and Complainant – State of Punjab and complainant sought conviction under Section 302 IPC against Harbhajan Singh, Kirpal Singh, Jaswant Singh, and DSP Gursewak Singh – Trial court convicted the accused under Sections 343, 325, 324, and 323 IPC but acquitted them for murder – The prosecution argued that the accused abducted the deceased Gamdoor Singh, tortured him while in custody, and caused injuries leading to his death – Court held that the ante-mortem injuries aggravated pre-existing heart and lung conditions, resulting in death, and convicted the accused under Section 302 IPC read with Section 34 IPC [Paras 1-18, 25-26].

Evidence Law – Hostile Witness – Resiling from Affidavit – Estoppel under Indian Evidence Act – Key prosecution witness, Baghel Singh, initially supported the prosecution's case but later resiled, claiming he was pressured by DSP Gursewak Singh – Court rejected the witness's retraction, applying estoppel under Sections 91 and 92 of the Indian Evidence Act – Witness’s affidavit and earlier statements were upheld, contributing to the conviction of the accused [Paras 6-16].

Medical Evidence – Post-Mortem Report and Cause of Death – Medical evidence established that the injuries inflicted on the deceased precipitated systemic disturbances, aggravating pre-existing conditions and causing death – The court relied on the post-mortem report, which concluded that the death was a result of the injuries, contrary to the initial opinion of natural death due to heart and lung failure [Paras 11-26].

Decision:

Appeal by the State and complainant allowed – Accused Harbhajan Singh, Kirpal Singh, Jaswant Singh, and DSP Gursewak Singh convicted under Section 302 read with Section 34 IPC.

Sentences for previously convicted offences (under Sections 343, 325, 324, and 323 IPC) to run concurrently.

Appellants directed to be taken into custody immediately for sentencing.

Quashing of Proceedings – Criminal Miscellaneous – Petitioners accused under Section 420 read with Section 34 IPC, relating to an alleged fraudulent act – The High Court noted that the trial courts and tribunals often adjourn matters based on oral submissions of stay orders, without verifying if such orders exist – In this case, the trial court had adjourned the case for seven years based on the parties’ claim of a stay from the High Court, when no such order was issued – Held: Petitioners directed to approach the trial court with a discharge petition – Directions issued to trial courts to verify the existence of stay orders before granting adjournments [Paras 2–7].

Judicial Procedure – Delay Due to Unverified Stay Orders – The trial court had delayed proceedings for over seven years due to the unverified claim of a stay by the parties – The High Court expressed concern over this trend and emphasized the availability of the High Court’s online case search facility to verify the status of stay orders – Directions issued to all subordinate courts and tribunals to avoid indefinite adjournments without verifying the existence of stay orders or affidavits – Such practices would now be taken seriously by the High Court, ensuring proper record-keeping and accountability [Paras 8].

Decision: Petitioners directed to file a discharge petition within 30 days – Trial court instructed to pass orders within six weeks after the filing – Presence of petitioners not required until the decision on the discharge petition, provided they have appeared and obtained bail – Directions to subordinate courts to prevent adjournments based on unverified claims of stay [Paras 9].

Recruitment Rules – Recognition of Educational Qualification – JBT Teacher Appointment – Batch-wise Appointment – Respondent sought appointment as a JBT Teacher based on qualifications obtained in 1998 and challenged the state’s refusal due to non-recognition of her qualification in Himachal Pradesh. The learned Single Judge directed the state to consider her case for appointment and grant seniority based on her qualifications. The state appealed, contending that batch-wise appointments were introduced only in 2017 and the respondent did not apply under the then-applicable rules [Paras 1-14].

Non-recognition of Diploma – The court upheld the respondent’s eligibility, stating that the refusal based on the non-recognition of her diploma was violative of Articles 14 and 16 unless proven to be from an unauthorized institute [Paras 15-19].

Batch-wise Appointment – The court clarified that batch-wise appointment, introduced in 2017, could not be applied retrospectively to the respondent’s case. The court set aside the Single Judge's order directing batch-wise appointment but allowed the respondent to participate in future recruitment processes as per the applicable rules [Paras 20-27].

Decision: Appeal partially allowed. The court upheld the respondent’s eligibility but set aside the directions for batch-wise appointment. The respondent is permitted to participate in future recruitment under the prevailing rules.

Civil Procedure – Bar under Order 2 Rule 2 of the CPC – Challenge against dismissal of petition for ownership declaration of flat jointly owned by appellant and respondent – Family Court dismissed petition under Order 2 Rule 2(3) of CPC on grounds of cause of action identity with earlier divorce petition – Appeal raised whether the subsequent petition for ownership could be filed when relief not claimed in prior divorce proceedings – Held, causes of action in both petitions are distinct, barring application of Order 2 Rule 2 – Dismissal of petition by Family Court erroneous and set aside [Paras 5-10].

Matrimonial Law – Divorce and property disputes – Appellant sought ownership declaration of property jointly held with respondent post-divorce – Earlier petition filed for divorce without addressing property issue – Family Court dismissed subsequent property suit for non-inclusion in divorce petition – Bombay High Court held that matrimonial disputes and property disputes are distinct causes of action, permitting separate suits – Judgment emphasized different legal grounds for divorce and property declaration [Paras 15-20].

Decision – Appeal allowed – Family Court order set aside – Petition for property ownership restored to Family Court for hearing on merits within six months – Observed advanced age of appellant as reason for expedited proceedings [Paras 28-30].

Criminal Law – Anticipatory Bail – Section 482 BNSS – Fraud and Forgery Allegations – Petitioner sought anticipatory bail in a case involving charges of fraud, forgery, and criminal conspiracy related to an alleged scheme to send the complainant's nephew abroad – The complainant alleged the petitioner’s involvement in defrauding him of Rs. 20,24,000 under the pretext of securing a visa – Held, after consideration of the circumstances, including a compromise reached between the parties, anticipatory bail granted – Petitioner directed to join the investigation and abide by conditions imposed under Section 482(2) of BNSS [Paras 4-5].

Decision: Petition allowed – Anticipatory bail granted subject to conditions, including cooperation with the investigation.

Administrative Law – Tender Process – Judicial Review – Rejection of Bid – Petitioner challenged the rejection of its bid for selection as Mine Developer and Operator (MDO) by HPGCL, alleging arbitrary and unjust decision-making – The petitioner, a Joint Venture Company, was declared non-responsive due to not meeting the "Direct Holding Requirement" – Both parties reached a consensus to refer the petitioner’s concerns to the Tender Evaluation Committee (TEC) for reconsideration – Held, the TEC to re-examine the matter and pass orders after hearing both the petitioner and the successful bidder – Previous rejection orders deemed withdrawn, and the writ petition was disposed of as per the agreement between the parties [Paras 1-5].

Decision: Petition disposed of – TEC to reconsider the petitioner’s bid and pass necessary orders after a hearing.

Motor Vehicles Act – Compensation – Determination and Enhancement – High Court modified the award granted by the Motor Accident Claims Tribunal (MACT) in a case involving death due to a road accident caused by rash and negligent driving – The High Court increased the compensation amount from Rs. 12,75,108/- to Rs. 26,16,366/- by considering factors such as the deceased’s monthly income, future prospects, and general damages under conventional heads – High Court directed the insurance company to pay the compensation with interest and granted it the right to recover the amount from the vehicle owner due to the driver’s lack of a valid driving license at the time of the accident [Paras 9-20].

Insurance Law – Pay and Recover Principle – The High Court invoked the "pay and recover" principle, ordering the insurance company to compensate the claimants and recover the amount from the vehicle owner, as the driver did not have a valid license at the time of the accident – Relied on precedents where such directions were issued to meet the ends of justice despite the insurance company not being liable under normal circumstances due to breach of policy conditions [Paras 17-20].

Decision – Modification of Tribunal’s Award – Held – The appeal was disposed of by enhancing the compensation and modifying the Tribunal’s order to allow the insurance company to recover the amount from the vehicle owner – No order as to costs [Paras 20-21].

Attachment of Retirement Benefits – Jurisdiction under Section 78 of the KCS Act – The Kerala High Court addressed whether retiral benefits can be attached under Section 78 of the KCS Act. It held that while retirement benefits such as provident fund, gratuity, and pension are generally immune from attachment, the attached amounts in this case need careful examination to determine if they include exempted sums. The Court also emphasized that the writ petition was not maintainable as alternative remedies were available under the KCS Act, which the respondent failed to exhaust [Paras 1-19].

Writ Jurisdiction – Alternative Remedies – The Court reiterated that writ jurisdiction under Article 226 of the Constitution should not be invoked if statutory remedies are available. The High Court should only interfere when statutory authorities have not followed the law, or there is a violation of fundamental judicial principles. The Court found that the respondent should have pursued the statutory remedies provided under the KCS Act and Rules [Paras 12-17].

Decision: Appeal allowed – The impugned judgment was set aside. The respondent was directed to pursue alternative remedies under the KCS Act and KCS Rules. All factual and legal contentions were left open for determination by the appropriate statutory authorities [Paras 18-20].