Criminal Appeal – Bail Application – Misrepresentation and Suppression of Material Facts – Appeal against High Court’s rejection of bail – Appellant’s manipulative practices in filing multiple bail applications and concealing information from the court – Supreme Court’s emphasis on integrity in judicial proceedings. [Para 2, 11-12, 15-16, 18-19, 23]

Judicial Integrity – Importance of Truthfulness in Legal System – Reference to past judgements emphasizing honesty in court proceedings – Condemnation of deceit and misrepresentation in legal practices – Call for maintaining purity in the administration of justice. [Para 3, 5, 7]

Contempt of Court – Consequences of Fabricating Documents and Misleading the Court – Overview of legal precedents dealing with contempt for deceiving the court – Emphasis on punishing and deterring such acts to maintain faith in the judicial system. [Para 3-4, 14]

Bail Procedure – Guidelines for Bail Applications – Mandatory disclosure of all previous and pending bail applications – Instructions to streamline bail application processes to prevent judicial discrepancies and anomalies. [Para 20-21]

Decision – Appeal Dismissed as Infructuous – Imposition of token cost on appellant for attempting to mislead the court – Directions issued to High Courts for systemic corrections in handling bail applications. [Para 22-25]

Dispute on Partition and Legal Heir Status – Involving agricultural land in Tamil Nadu – Original suit filed for partition and possession by Respondent No. 1 and Respondent No. 2 against Respondent Nos. 3 and 4 – Appellants, later impleaded, claimed shares as legal heirs of Muthusamy Gounder, the common ancestor – Issue centered on the validity of marriages and legitimacy of children from extended family [Paras 2-6].

Trial Court and High Court Findings – Both courts dismissed the suit based on non-establishment of valid marriages of Muthusamy Gounder with Appellant No. 2 and Respondent No. 2 – Denied coparcenary status to extended family members due to lack of evidence on the factum of marriage [Paras 8-9].

Supreme Court Analysis – Focused on the entitlement of appellants to a share in the property as children of Muthusamy Gounder – Considered Sections 17 and 18 of the Indian Evidence Act, 1872 for admissions and declarations in documented evidence [Paras 12-15].

Admission in Documented Evidence – Muthusamy Gounder's acknowledgment of appellants and respondent No. 1 as his sons in a mortgage deed (Ex. B-6) and other documents treated as valid admissions, binding on the parties [Para 15].

Application of Legal Principles – Relied on the principles of legitimacy and rights to parental property under the Hindu Marriage Act, 1955 and Hindu Succession Act, 1956 – Children from void or voidable marriages entitled to a share in the notional partitioned property of Muthusamy Gounder [Paras 16-17].

Decision – Preliminary decree of partition passed, dividing the property firstly between Respondent No. 3 and Muthusamy Gounder, and then among Muthusamy Gounder's children, including Appellant Nos. 1 and 3, and Respondent Nos. 1 and 3 – Appeal allowed [Para 18-19].

Distinction Between Civil and Criminal Disputes – Emphasized the need to differentiate between purely civil disputes and criminal offences – Civil disputes should not be converted into criminal cases – Referenced Sarabjit Kaur v. State of Punjab and Another, (2023) 5 SCC 360 and Indian Oil Corporation v. NEPC India Ltd. and Others, (2006) 6 SCC 736. [Para 2, 3]

Criteria for Offences under IPC Sections 420 and 406 – Mere breach of contract does not constitute an offence under Sections 420 or 406 of the IPC unless there is evidence of fraudulent or dishonest intention at the beginning of the transaction. [Para 2]

Grant of Anticipatory Bail – Directed the release of appellants Jay Shri and Hitesh Kela on bail in the event of arrest, in connection with FIR no. 0220/2022, subject to conditions fixed by the trial court and compliance with conditions in Section 438(2) of the Cr.P.C. [Para 4]

Observations Not Reflective of Case Merits – Clarification that the grant of anticipatory bail and observations in the order are not opinions on the merits of the case and will not influence any civil proceedings. [Para 5]

Real Estate Transaction – Refund of Advance Payment – Appeal against the rejection of the suit for refund under Order 7 Rule 11 of the CPC – Appellant claimed a refund of Rs. 40,14,500 paid as an advance in a land sale agreement – Appeal allowed for refund of advance payment with interest. [Para 2, 5-6]

Contractual Obligations – Interpretation of Agreement to Sell – Dispute over the amount received and terms of the agreement – Respondent admitted to receiving Rs. 23 lakhs, appellant claimed to have paid Rs. 40,14,500 – Court's decision in favor of equitable justice for the appellant. [Para 4-5]

Judicial Discretion in Civil Matters – Equitable Justice and Interest – Court exercised discretion in favor of the appellant, considering the long duration for which the advance amount was held by the respondents – Ordered refund of Rs. 40,00,000 to the appellant. [Para 5-6]

Modification of Lower Court's Order – Supreme Court's intervention to ensure justice – Lower court's order modified to direct the respondents to refund the advance payment with interest – Appeal partly allowed. [Para 6-7]

Criminal Appeal – Bail under UAPA Act – High Court's rejection of bail – Accused arrested under Explosive Substances Act and Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act – Petitioner challenges the High Court's order denying bail – Interpretation of Section 43D(5) of the UAPA Act – Relevance of co-accused statements – Lack of overt Act of terrorism attributed to the petitioner – Criminal antecedents – Application of precedent from NIA Vs. Zahoor Ahmad Shah Watali – Burden of proof on the accused – Bail denied based on reasonable grounds for believing the accusations are prima facie true. [Para 2-9]

Decision - Considering the chargesheet details, the petitioner's criminal history, and legal interpretations, the Court finds no merit in the bail application - The Special Leave Petition is dismissed. [Para 8, 9]

Jurisdiction and Justiciability – Quashing of FIR and Chargesheet by High Court – Challenge against High Court order for quashing FIR and chargesheet related to creation of fake documents by a public servant – Supreme Court considering the necessity of sanction under Section 197 Cr.PC for prosecution. [Para 2, 8]

Criminal Conspiracy and Fabrication of Documents – Allegations against a public servant (Village Accountant) for creating fake documents and misappropriating land – Chargesheet filed under various sections of IPC for offences including forgery, cheating, and criminal conspiracy. [Para 3, 6, 7]

Sanction for Prosecution – High Court's decision based on lack of sanction under Section 197 Cr.PC – Supreme Court examining whether acts of creating fake documents fall under 'official duty' of a public servant, and the applicability of Section 197 Cr.PC. [Para 8, 16, 17-19, 23, 25]

Judicial Review – Supreme Court’s analysis of whether High Court was justified in quashing the FIR and chargesheet against a public servant – Consideration of precedents on the requirement of sanction for prosecution of public servants. [Para 12-15, 20-22, 24, 25]

Decision – High Court's order quashing FIR and chargesheet set aside – Supreme Court allows the appeal, stating that fabrication of official documents cannot be considered as an act done in the discharge of official duties by a public servant – All observations made for the purpose of deciding the present challenge and not as an opinion on merit. [Para 26, 27]

Criminal Appeal – Interpretation of Section 17A of the Prevention of Corruption Act, 1988 – Appeal against the High Court's decision dismissing the petition to quash FIR and remand order – Appellant, a former Chief Minister, implicated in corruption-related offences – Allegations involve siphoning off government funds – Key issue centers around the applicability and interpretation of Section 17A, introduced by the Prevention of Corruption (Amendment) Act, 2018. [Para 1-3, 8-10]

Section 17A – Applicability and Interpretation – Differing opinions on whether Section 17A applies retrospectively or prospectively – Section 17A prohibits enquiry, inquiry, or investigation into offences alleged against a public servant without prior approval, where offences relate to decisions or recommendations made in official capacity – Majority opinion suggests Section 17A is substantive, applying prospectively to offences defined post-amendment, and not to repealed offences – Dissenting opinion suggests Section 17A as procedural, potentially applicable retroactively. [Para 11-28]

Jurisdiction of Special Court – Validity of Remand Order – Special Court held jurisdiction to pass remand order against the appellant, charged under IPC offences alongside offences under the Prevention of Corruption Act – No jurisdictional error found in the remand order passed by the Special Court. [Para 29]

Conclusion and Referral to Larger Bench – Contradictory opinions on key legal issues lead to referral to a larger bench for resolution – Matter to be placed before the Chief Justice of India for appropriate action. [Order]

Decision – Appeal dismissed due to lack of merit, subject to further adjudication by a larger bench on specific legal questions. [Para 30, Order]

Incident and Initial Trial - Incident on 09.01.1999 led to the death of Akbar and injuries to others - Accused Mohd. Yunus (A1), Mohd. Jamil (A2), Ghasita (A3), and Akhtar Hussain (A4) were tried - A1, A2, and A3 initially convicted for offences under Sections 302 and 323 IPC, A4 acquitted later. [Para 1]

High Court's Judgment - Appeal in High Court - Acquittal of A1 from Section 302 but conviction under Section 323 maintained - A2's conviction under Sections 302 and 323 upheld - A4's acquittal confirmed, A3 deceased during appeal. [Paras 3, 4]

State's Appeal Against Acquittal - State appealed against A1's acquittal under Section 302 - Challenge focused on equal evidence weightage as A2, who was convicted. [Paras 5, 14]

Evidence and Witness Credibility - High Court and Supreme Court found FIR registration timely - However, key witnesses Deenu (PW-7) and Ahmad (PW-8) considered unreliable due to contradictions and improvements in statements - Previous enmity noted, recovery of weapons from A1 and A2 not established. [Paras 16-20]

Supreme Court's Decision - Conviction of A2 under Section 302 set aside, maintaining conviction under Section 323 - A1's acquittal under Section 302 upheld - A2's sentence for offence under Section 323 sufficient as per custody duration. [Paras 20-22]

Implementation of MV Act for Compensation in Hit and Run Cases – Examination of Section 161 of the MV Act for compensation to victims of hit and run motor accidents – Central Government to ensure compensation as per the Act and the Scheme made under the Act. [Para 1, 2]

Compensation of Victims of Hit and Run Motor Accidents Scheme, 2022 – Replaced the Solatium Scheme, 1989 – Establishment of Standing Committee and District Level Committees for scheme administration – Procedure for applying for compensation under the Scheme detailed. [Para 3]

Concerns in Scheme Implementation – Analysis of annual reports on road accidents – Inadequate number of claims received under the Scheme compared to the high number of hit and run accidents – Need for public awareness and more effective implementation strategies. [Para 4, 5]

Directions for Improved Implementation and Awareness – Suggestions for identifying hit and run accidents and informing victims about the Scheme – Formation of Monitoring Committees at district level – Quarterly reports on functioning to be submitted. [Para 6, 9]

Consideration of Compensation Amount and Extension of Time Limit – Direction to Central Government to consider enhancement of compensation amounts and extension of time limit for claims under the Solatium Scheme. [Para 10, 11]

Compliance and Reporting – Authorities to provide compliance reports to the Amicus Curiae and counsel representing parties – Listing for considering compliance on 22nd April 2024. [Para 12]