Based on the information provided, it appears that this is a multi-faceted case involving issues like service termination, regularization, and screening processes. Here are the headnotes of the judgement, categorized according to the relevant paragraphs.

Civil Appeal – Teacher's Employment in Railway School 

Appeal by Samir Kumar Majumder, a school teacher, against High Court judgment denying him absorption as Assistant Teacher in Higher Secondary Section and rejecting his claim for continuity in service. [Para 1]

Factual Background – Service Termination and Re-Engagement 

The appellant, initially appointed as a Substitute Teacher, claims that artificial breaks were created in his service by way of termination and reappointment around school vacations. [Para 2]

Tribunal Proceedings – Initial Relief Denied 

The appellant sought relief from the Central Administrative Tribunal (the Tribunal) in Guwahati, which passed an interim order but ultimately dismissed his application for regularization. [Para 3-5]

High Court Rulings – Circular Provisions 

The Tribunal’s decision was influenced by other cases and circulars, emphasizing that Railway Recruitment Board selection is essential for regular appointment. [Para 6]

Supreme Court Directions – Age Relaxation and Screening Process 

Appellant’s case was considered by the Supreme Court, which directed relaxation in the age bar and allowed for a screening process for regular absorption. [Para 7-8]

Post-Screening Appointment – Grievances 

The appellant was appointed as Primary Teacher after the screening but filed another Original Application expressing dissatisfaction with his post and pay-scale. [Para 9-11]

Continuity of Service – Discriminatory Treatment 

Appellant denied continuity in service while others were granted the same, solely because the Court had not made any specific order about him in this regard. [Para 12-13]

Central Administrative Tribunal's Decision – Calcutta Bench 

The Central Administrative Tribunal in Calcutta upheld the respondent-authorities' stand, relying on the appellant's original appointment as a primary teacher. [Para 15]

Based on the provided parts of the judgment, the headnotes can be crafted as follows:

Absorption as Assistant Teacher – Higher Secondary Section: Court holds appellant’s claim for absorption as Assistant Teacher in Higher Secondary Section untenable; claim not raised in previous litigation and based on appointment as substitute primary teacher. [Para 29-32]

Law on Constructive Res Judicata: Court elaborates on the doctrine of constructive res judicata; appellant’s claim for absorption as Assistant Teacher in Higher Secondary Section barred by the same. [Para 33-34]

Interest reipublicae ut sit finis litium: Court emphasizes the need for an end to litigation for the same cause based on public policy. [Para 35]

Claim for Continuity of Service: Court acknowledges appellant’s right to continuity of service based on Master Circular dated 29.01.1991 and prior Court orders; authorities’ denial of the same termed incorrect. [Para 37-38]

Rights under Master Circular: Court elucidates rights flowing from the Master Circular, including acquisition of temporary status and provisions for screening; appellant’s service should count from the date of acquiring temporary status. [Para 39-41]

Decision: Court dismisses appellant’s claim for absorption as Assistant Teacher in Higher Secondary Section but affirms his right to continuity of service as a primary teacher in line with the Master Circular and prior Court orders. [Para 28-41]

Please note that the ‘Decision’ part is synthesized based on the content you provided. Feel free to modify as needed.

Income Tax - Taxability of Dividend Income - Interpretation of Double Taxation Avoidance Agreement (DTAA) between India and Oman - Exemption of dividend income in Oman - Whether dividend income received by the assessee is taxable in India or exempt as per DTAA and Omani Tax Laws - Clarification by Omani Finance Ministry regarding tax exemption - Application of Article 25 of DTAA and Article 8 (bis) of Omani Tax Laws - Assessee entitled to exemption of dividend tax received from its Permanent Establishment (PE) in Oman, as per Article 8 (bis) of Omani Tax Laws - Corresponding tax treatment in India under Article 25 of DTAA - Omani Tax Laws provide tax incentive for promoting economic development, and the dividend income is exempt as a result. [Para 13-20]

Decision - Appeals dismissed as the appellant failed to demonstrate why the provisions of Article 25 of DTAA and Article 8 (bis) of Omani Tax Laws would not be applicable in granting exemption for dividend income. [Para 20]

Family Law – Maintenance under Section 125 of CrPC – High Court's reduction of maintenance amount from Rs. 5,000 to Rs. 1,000 per month – Drastic reduction without justification – Impugned order set aside, Trial Court's order of Rs. 5,000 per month maintenance restored – Appeal allowed. [Para 3-5]

Personal Maintenance – Importance of adequate maintenance for a woman – Court's duty to ensure a reasonable and fair maintenance amount – Reduction to an unreasonably low amount not justified. [Para 4]

Judicial Review – High Court's order subject to judicial review – Court's authority to set aside orders that are manifestly unjust – Restoration of Trial Court's order in the interest of justice. [Para 5]

Factual Aspects: Appellant, an entity selling country liquor under the label "Tango Punch," filed a suit claiming copyright infringement and passing-off against the respondent, who sold country liquor under the label "Two Punch Premium." The appellant alleged that the artistic label on their liquor bottles was copyrighted, and they sought a permanent injunction against the respondent from using a deceptively similar label. The Trial Court ruled in favor of the appellant, granting a permanent injunction against the respondent and damages. The respondent appealed this decision. [Para 1-4]

Civil Appeal – Infringement of Copyright and Passing-off – Appellant challenges High Court's interim order staying execution of a decree – Examination of evidence regarding reputation and goodwill crucial in passing-off action – Lack of evidence on appellant's part regarding sales and advertisement expenses – Stay justified on passing-off aspect. [Para 11-14]

Acquiescence: During the proceedings, it was revealed that the appellant had initially raised objections to the respondent's label during permission proceedings but later withdrew these objections. The Trial Court found this withdrawal significant, indicating possible acquiescence. The appellant filed the suit nearly one and a half years after withdrawing these objections. [Para 15-16]

Conduct of Bar – Disruptive conduct by advocate during cross-examination – Need for cooperation and fair conduct in trials – Delay caused by frequent objections – Advocates expected to act as officers of the Court and maintain fairness. [Para 18-19]

Decision – High Court's order of stay justified – Appeal dismissed with a clarification that observations made in this judgment and the impugned judgment should not influence the pending appeal's decision – No order as to costs. [Para 20]

Civil Appeal – Income Tax – Deduction under Section 80P of the Income Tax Act, 1961 – Appellant, a co-operative society, claims deduction of profits and gains attributable to banking and credit facilities provided to its member co-operative societies – Interpretation of Section 80P – Dispute regarding the appellant's classification as a co-operative bank – Detailed analysis of the appellant's registration history and governing laws – Comparison with provisions of the Banking Regulation Act, 1949 – Reference to relevant judgments – Clarification of the appellant's status as a co-operative society engaged in providing credit facilities – Question of whether the appellant qualifies for deduction under Section 80P(2)(a)(i) – Examination of the provisions of the State Act, 1969 and State Act, 1984 – Evaluation of the appellant's activities in relation to banking business – Assessment of the appellant's eligibility for deduction under Section 80P of the Act – Consideration of legal arguments and submissions by both parties – Dispute over the appellant's classification and its entitlement to the deduction – [Para 10.1-10.13]

Income Tax Act – Deduction under Section 80P – Whether the appellant entity qualifies as a co-operative bank under Section 56 of the Banking Regulation Act, 1949 (BR Act) – Examination of relevant provisions of BR Act and NABARD Act – Interpretation of the term "co-operative bank" – Kerala State Co-operative Bank's status as a state co-operative bank – Determination of the appellant's eligibility for deduction under Section 80P. [Para 14-15]

Interpretation – Examining the definitions of "co-operative bank" in Section 56 of the BR Act and related provisions in the NABARD Act, 1981 – Distinction between co-operative banks and other co-operative societies engaged in banking business. [Para 14.1]

Legislative Intent – Section 80P of the Income Tax Act as a beneficial provision to encourage and promote the co-operative sector – Need for a liberal interpretation in favor of the assessee. [Para 14.2]

Eligibility Criteria – Key points to consider for eligibility for deduction under Section 80P – Requirement of a co-operative society being engaged in the business of banking or providing credit facilities to its members – The burden of proof on the assessee to establish eligibility. [Para 14.3]

Banking Business – Definition of "banking" under Section 5(b) of the BR Act – Requirement for a co-operative society to engage in banking business as defined in the BR Act – Necessity of holding a license under Section 22 of the BR Act for carrying on banking business. [Para 15.4]

State Co-operative Bank – Significance of being declared a state co-operative bank under the NABARD Act, 1981 – Kerala State Co-operative Bank's status as a state co-operative bank as opposed to the appellant's non-declaration as such. [Para 15.12]

Conclusion – Determination that the appellant, although an apex co-operative society, is not a co-operative bank under the BR Act, 1949, and, therefore, entitled to the benefit of deduction under Section 80P of the Income Tax Act. [Conclusion]

Decision – Allowance of the appeals filed by the appellant and setting aside of the orders of the Kerala High Court and other authorities – Holding that the appellant qualifies for deduction under Section 80P of the Act.

Civil Appeal – Substitution application allowed after condoning delay – Delinquent employee accused of unauthorized bus operation and subsequently dismissed – Application under Section 33(2)(b) of the Industrial Disputes Act, 1947 for approval of dismissal – Labour Court granted approval – Writ Petition filed and dismissed, pursued by deceased employee’s wife – Award modified punishment to one year’s salary with non-cumulative effect – High Court upheld the award – Appeal dismissed due to lack of interference with impugned judgment – Contention that previous writ proceedings under Section 33 precluded raising of an industrial dispute – No record of the order depriving the worker from filing an industrial dispute – Award’s observation regarding the High Court order presumed correct – No jurisdictional issue in the subsequent proceedings – Impugned judgment affirmed. [Para 1-11]

Special Leave Petition – Bail Request – Petitioners charged under FIR No. 342 of 2021 for carrying 100 bottles of Phensedyl Cough Syrup containing Codeine Phosphate – In custody for over 2 years – Trial yet to commence – Petitioners seek bail. [Para 1-3]

Prosecution's Stand – State counsel indicates that 12 prosecution witnesses are scheduled for examination, with the first to testify on 14.12.2023 – No known criminal antecedents against the accused. [Para 4-5]

Decision – Given the prolonged custody and nature of the contraband, Court grants bail to petitioners, Badsha SK and Rafikul Islam @ Kalu, subject to conditions to be imposed by the trial court – Special Leave Petitions disposed of accordingly. [Para 6-7]

Criminal Appeal – Conviction and Sentence – Challenge to Judgment – Appellants convicted under Sections 498A and 304B of the Indian Penal Code – High Court affirmed the conviction and sentence – Appellants contesting the verdict – Emphasis on the lack of conclusive evidence regarding the cause of death by poisoning. [Para 1-41]

Viscera Reports – Role in Establishing Cause of Death – Discussion on the significance of viscera reports and their potential limitations in detecting poison in cases of suspected poisoning. [Para 23-35]

Presumption under Section 113B – Dowry Death – Reference to Section 113B of the Indian Evidence Act, which raises a presumption of dowry death when cruelty or harassment for dowry is proven. [Para 18-19]

Reliance on Circumstantial Evidence – Court’s reliance on circumstantial evidence, including expert opinions, to uphold the conviction of the appellants for the offense of dowry death. [Para 38]

Upholding Conviction – Final Verdict – Conclusion of the case with the dismissal of the appeal and affirmation of the conviction and sentence imposed on the appellants. [Para 39-40]

Employee Benefits - Grant of UGC Pay Scale - Discrepancy in granting UGC pay scale benefits to retired employees - Benefit granted to similarly placed retired employee previously - Inconsistent application of government orders - Writ petition filed challenging denial of UGC pay scale benefits - High Court judgment relied on Government Order dated 4th July 2008 - In another case, a similar benefit granted to a retired employee - Government allowed the previous order to become final - Appellants entitled to benefits under Government Order dated 15th November 1999 - Impugned judgment quashed, and State Government directed to extend benefits within three months. [Para 1-11]

Judicial Precedent - Applicability of judgment to similarly situated employees - Applicability to cases pending before Administrative Tribunal or High Court - No reopening of concluded cases - Clarification on the scope of the judgment. [Para 12]