Civil Law – Military Lease – Nature and duration – Lease in perpetuity vs tenancy at will – The 1921 deed allowed the lessee to “hold the land for ever” subject to an unconditional right of resumption by the lessor on one month’s notice and with no consideration payable – Held: Not a grant in perpetuity; at best a tenancy at will/permissive occupation terminable at the lessor’s will – Absence of consideration and an absolute resumption clause militate against perpetuity [Paras 7-9].

Court Auction – Sale certificate – Need for registered conveyance – Section 17(2)(xii), Registration Act – Where property is sold in court auction and sale is confirmed, title vests in purchaser on confirmation; the sale certificate evidences title and no further deed is required – Registered sale certificate of 29.08.1941 validly conveyed the lessee’s interest – High Court erred in holding otherwise [Para 10].

Transfer Conditions in Lease – Notice/consent – Distinction between inter vivos transfers and devolution by operation of law – Condition IV (inter vivos transfers) alone attracted voiding consequence for want of prior notice/consent – Condition V (succession/operation of law, including court auction) required post-event intimation but prescribed no nullifying sanction – Auction sale not void for want of notice/consent [Para 11].

Possession – Alleged forcible dispossession in September 1975 – Proof and contemporaneous conduct – Plaintiff failed to prove forcible dispossession; contemporaneous correspondence (1976–1981) admits “resumption” under lease and seeks only compensation for structures – Plea of force raised belatedly in 1984/1987 notices held afterthought – Relief of possession refused [Paras 12-17].

Limitation – Suit filed on 21.08.1987 – On facts, dispossession/resumption occurred well before 1975; even otherwise, claim barred – Only possible dispute related to compensation/arbitration under lease, not sought in suit and, in any case, stale by 1987 [Paras 17-18].

Outcome – Declaration of title rightly refused by Trial Court (unchallenged) – High Court’s dismissal of suit for possession sustained though for partly different reasons – Appeal dismissed; dismissal of suit affirmed [Paras 12, 19-20].

Entertainment Tax – Discrimination Based on Language – Article 14 Violation – Andhra Pradesh levied 24% entertainment tax on Hindi films while levying only 10% on Telugu films – Held: Classification based solely on language is arbitrary – No reasonable nexus with object of taxation – Violates Article 14 of the Constitution – Impugned notification struck down [Paras 3, 18, 25-27].

Constitutional Challenge – Taxing Statute Not Immune – While State has wide latitude in taxation, it must still comply with Article 14 – Classification must be reasonable and non-arbitrary – Absence of explanation for higher tax on Hindi films failed constitutional scrutiny [Paras 10-14, 25].

Article 351 – No Justiciable Right Under Part III – Argument that tax violated Article 351 (promotion of Hindi) rejected – Held: Article 351 is not enforceable under Article 32 as it does not form part of Part III rights [Para 8].

Directive Principles and Taxation – Social Values and Article 38 – Court emphasized that taxation must serve constitutional values including equality and social justice – Held: Classification that disturbs social fabric or promotes regional or linguistic division cannot be upheld [Paras 15-16].

Tax Must Be Reasonable – Proportionality and Good Governance – Even in taxation, arbitrariness is not permitted – Tax must be equitable and proportionate – Hostile discrimination in fiscal policy invites constitutional invalidation [Paras 20-22, 24].

Decision – Levy Struck Down – Different tax rate on Hindi films struck down – Taxpayer entitled to same rate as Telugu films – Writ Petition allowed with costs [Para 27].

Service Law - Disciplinary Proceedings – Continuation after Superannuation – Regulation 20(3)(iii), Punjab National Bank Service Regulations – Validity Affirmed – Disciplinary proceedings initiated before retirement can continue after superannuation by virtue of legal fiction under Regulation 20(3)(iii) – Employee deemed to be in service until conclusion of proceedings – Held: Dismissal order valid [Paras 11–14].

Dismissal and Pension – Forfeiture of Benefits – Regulation 22, Punjab National Bank Pension Regulations – Dismissal entails forfeiture of entire past service – Employee not entitled to pensionary benefits where dismissal imposed – No requirement of additional order under Regulation 43 or 48 – Held: Appellant ineligible for retiral dues except CPF contribution [Paras 16–17].

Judicial Review – Substitution of Punishment – Scope of High Court’s Power – High Court erred in substituting dismissal with order of withholding retiral benefits – Unless punishment is shown to be illegal or shockingly disproportionate, interference not warranted – Held: High Court committed manifest error [Paras 18, 21].

Misconduct – Reckless Lending, Loss of Confidence – Grave Charges Justify Dismissal – Bank Manager found guilty of reckless lending, misuse of authority, disbursing loans through middlemen, and causing financial loss exceeding Rs. 1.14 crores – Such misconduct amounts to breach of trust and justifies dismissal – Once confidence lost, reinstatement impermissible – Held: Dismissal justified [Paras 20–21].

Decision – Civil Appeal No. 971 of 2007 (employee’s appeal) dismissed – Civil Appeal No. 975 of 2007 (Bank’s appeal) allowed – Dismissal upheld – No order as to costs [Para 22].

Service Law – Premature Termination - Statutory Appointment – Applicability of Doctrine of Pleasure – Tenure Protection Under Special Statute – Termination Set Aside – The respondent’s appointment as Chairperson, NCTE was terminated by the Union of India citing the doctrine of pleasure under Article 310 – The Court held that the post was governed by a special statute and could only be terminated according to the procedure in Sections 5 and 6 of the NCTE Act – Respondent had not incurred any statutory disqualification – Held: The appointment was not at the pleasure of the President, and the termination was invalid [Paras 5, 16–18, 21–22].

Statutory Interpretation – Casus Omissus and Judicial Legislation – Court Cannot Supply Legislative Omissions – Appellants contended that the Act was silent on disciplinary action for past misconduct and sought judicial intervention to fill the gap – Held: The statute clearly defined grounds for removal – No scope for judicial supply of omission under Article 142 – Interpretation must respect legislative intent and statutory completeness [Paras 7–8, 22–26].

Deputation vs Statutory Appointment – Nature of Service – Not a Deputation Post – Government claimed respondent was on deputation from the State of Uttar Pradesh – Held: Though the respondent held a lien with the parent department, the NCTE appointment was through independent statutory selection for a fixed term – The arrangement could loosely be called deputation, but not in the conventional sense – Tenure could not be curtailed arbitrarily [Paras 27–28].

Exercise of Article 142 – Power Cannot Override Express Statutory Provisions – Union of India urged invocation of Article 142 to uphold termination – Held: Article 142 cannot be used to defeat or override statutory mandates – The remedy lies with the legislature, not the judiciary [Paras 10, 34–35].

Decision – Appeal Dismissed – Termination Quashed – Supreme Court upheld Delhi High Court’s order restoring the respondent to his post – Held: Termination contrary to the NCTE Act – Respondent entitled to all dues as per law – No costs imposed [Para 37].

Recovery Proceedings – Liability of Guarantor – Distinction from Principal Debtor – Section 29 SFC Act – Recovery Proceedings Upheld – The appellant contended that guarantor’s liability cannot be enforced unless the mortgaged property of the principal debtor is first exhausted – Held: Since the principal debtor company was already wound up and official liquidator appointed, proceedings against guarantor were valid and distinguishable from Pawan Kumar Jain case [Paras 2, 4, 6].

Effect of Winding Up – Limitation on State Financial Corporation’s Powers – Section 29 SFC Act – SFC’s unilateral right under Section 29 is curtailed once company is under winding up – SFC cannot realize mortgaged property without official liquidator’s consent – If liquidator does not consent, SFC must seek directions from Company Court – Liquidator too must act only under Court’s supervision [Paras 9–11].

One Time Settlement – Failure to Honour – Appellant had proposed but failed to honour one-time settlement – Such conduct frustrates recovery process – Court observed that recalcitrant defaulters’ cases must be dealt with sternly [Paras 7–8].

Decision – Appeal Dismissed – High Court’s decision dismissing writ petition upheld – Recovery proceedings against guarantor sustained – Costs made easy [Para 12].

Service Law – Seniority – Retrospective Promotion – Legality – Held: Promotees cannot claim seniority from a date prior to their actual appointment to the cadre. Appellants, who were promoted as Assistant Conservator of Forests (ACFs) in 2002, were retrospectively given seniority from 1994. Respondents, appointed directly in 1996, challenged this retrospective promotion. Supreme Court upheld the High Court's decision that retrospective seniority was illegal, as the appellants were not borne in the cadre prior to 2002. Seniority begins only from the date of entry into the cadre, not from when vacancy arises or when promotion becomes due [Paras 3, 9, 12-14].

Quota System – No 50:50 Quota in Unamended Rule 5 – Retrospective Interpretation Rejected – Clarificatory Argument Denied. Appellants contended that their delayed promotion violated an implied 50:50 quota between promotees and direct recruits. However, the Court held that Rule 5 (prior to 1999 amendment) only referred to filling "substantive vacancies from time to time" and did not fix cadre-based quota. The 1999 amendment introducing a 50:50 quota was prospective in nature, not clarificatory or retrospective [Paras 8-11].

Seniority – Fortuitous Appointments – Not Applicable to Respondents. Argument that respondents' direct recruitment in 1996 was in excess of quota and hence "fortuitous" was rejected. As there was no cadre quota in force at the time, their appointments were valid and entitled to seniority [Paras 6-9].

Seniority – Working Under Direct Appointees for Years – Relevant Factor. Appellants had worked under the direct recruits from 1996 to 2002 as Range Forest Officers. Granting them seniority over respondents would disrupt service structure and create unfairness. Court refused to upset settled seniority after such long duration [Para 15].

Conclusion – Appeal Dismissed. Supreme Court upheld High Court’s judgment; retrospective promotions quashed; no costs awarded [Paras 15-16].

Veterinary Practice – Certificate Holders – Central Act Superseding State Law – Section 30 of Indian Veterinary Council Act, 1984 held valid – It prohibits non-degree holders from practising veterinary medicine except for minor services under supervision – Court held this to be a reasonable restriction under Article 19(6) – Not unconstitutional [Paras 30, 39, 51].

Repeal and Savings – Applicability of Section 6, General Clauses Act – Held: Section 6 is not applicable when new legislation indicates contrary intention – Since Central Act replaces State Act with higher qualification requirement, accrued or inchoate rights of unregistered certificate holders not protected – No vested right to continue practice [Paras 58-70].

Fundamental Rights – Article 19(1)(g) – Reasonable Restrictions – Section 30 imposes professional qualifications – Supreme Court upheld legislative competence and validity – Parliament can impose higher qualifications in public interest – Legislative choice respected [Paras 28-30, 35-36].

Public Employment – Right to Continue in Service – Certificate Holders Already in Government or Semi-Government Service – Held: Cannot be terminated merely due to change in qualification norms – They enjoy protection under Article 311 – Allowed to continue to perform "minor veterinary services" as defined in State notifications under Section 30(b) [Paras 81-82].

Registration – Prerequisite for Right to Practice – Certificate holders not registered under State Veterinary Council cannot claim right to practice – Holding educational qualification alone does not confer enforceable right to be registered or to practice [Paras 73-76, 80].

Legislative Supremacy – State Laws Yield to Central Act – Once Central Act enacted under Article 252 and adopted by States, State Acts stand repealed – Veterinary qualification standards must be uniform and centrally regulated [Paras 18-19, 52, 61-65].

Decision – Writ Petition and Appeal Dismissed – Section 30 upheld as constitutional – Certificate holders not entitled to practice unless covered under notification – Those already in service allowed to continue in limited roles under State notification [Paras 81-82].

Criminal Law – Abetment of Suicide – Sections 306 and 107 IPC – Mens rea Essential – Mere harassment or taunting insufficient – Suicide by wife allegedly due to continuous harassment and dowry demands – No suicide note – No specific instigation or intentional aid proved – Held: Mere discord or cruelty in matrimonial home does not automatically amount to abetment to suicide – Mens rea (guilty intent) and direct or indirect instigation or aid must be clearly established to sustain charge under Section 306 IPC [Paras 8–13].

Abetment – Legal Interpretation – Words Uttered in Anger Not Sufficient – Cited decisions clarify that stray remarks or general harassment without active encouragement or instigation do not satisfy Section 107 IPC – Accused must have actively participated or instigated suicide by deliberate conduct or conspiracy [Paras 12–13].

Dowry Harassment – Scope of Section 304B IPC – Distinction from Section 306 IPC – Supreme Court clarified that if suicide occurs "soon before death" due to dowry demand, Section 304B IPC may be attracted – However, no such charge was framed in this case – Hence, conviction under that section was not possible [Paras 16–17].

Framing of Charges – Judicial Scrutiny – Charge under Section 306 IPC rightly quashed by High Court – Charge under Section 498A IPC remitted and framed by competent Magistrate – Appeal filed by deceased’s father (Bhagwan Das) dismissed – Supreme Court declined to interfere [Paras 6–7, 15–18].

Decision – Appeal Dismissed – Supreme Court upheld High Court’s view that ingredients of abetment under Section 306 IPC not made out – Reiterated need for careful legal scrutiny in suicide cases, especially involving matrimonial disputes [Para 18].

Service Law – Direct Recruitment vs. Promotion – Eligibility Criteria – Appellant, a degree-holder Junior Engineer, challenged the appointment of diploma-holder JEs as Assistant Engineers by direct recruitment – Contended that degree-holders had legitimate right to be considered for promotion ahead of diploma-holders – Held: Recruitment rules permitted diploma-holders with required experience to be appointed by direct recruitment – No infirmity in appointment process [Paras 8-10].

Promotion – No Vested Right – Appellant claimed entitlement to promotion over diploma-holder JEs due to higher qualification – Held: Mere possession of higher qualification does not automatically confer right to promotion – Promotion must be as per rules – Unless rules specify preference for degree-holders, such claim cannot be sustained [Paras 11-12].

Equality – Articles 14 and 16 – Discrimination Alleged – Appellant alleged that promotion of diploma-holders via direct recruitment bypassed degree-holders – Held: No violation of Articles 14 or 16 – All candidates selected as per prescribed rules – There was no hostile discrimination or denial of equal opportunity [Paras 13-14].

Seniority – Appellant's claim based on date of entry into service as JE – Held: Seniority alone does not override recruitment norms – Appointment to higher post must conform to rules governing eligibility and selection – No arbitrariness found [Paras 15-16].

Decision – Appeal Dismissed – Supreme Court upheld appointments made through direct recruitment of diploma-holders as Assistant Engineers – No interference with High Court decision warranted – Appeal dismissed without costs [Para 17].